Coronary Artery Disease

Overview

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease, caused by atherosclerosis — the buildup of cholesterol-rich plaque in the coronary arteries. This narrowing reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, causing angina (chest pain) and potentially leading to heart attacks. CAD develops over decades and is influenced by modifiable risk factors including diet, exercise, smoking, and stress, as well as non-modifiable factors like genetics and age.

Symptoms

Common Symptoms

• Angina — chest pain, pressure, or tightness, especially with exertion or stress
• Shortness of breath
• Pain radiating to the arm, neck, jaw, or back
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Heart attack symptoms — severe chest pain, cold sweat, sudden lightheadedness

Note: Women may experience atypical symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and back pain rather than classic chest pain.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves clinical evaluation, medical history, blood tests, and appropriate imaging studies. A healthcare provider will assess symptoms, order relevant laboratory work, and may refer to a specialist for confirmation.

Treatments

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. Options may include medication, lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, stress management), and ongoing monitoring. Always work with a qualified healthcare provider to develop an appropriate treatment plan.